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12.14: Sample Student Literary Analysis Essays

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• Page ID 40514

• Heather Ringo & Athena Kashyap
• City College of San Francisco via ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative

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The following examples are essays where student writers focused on close-reading a literary work.

While reading these examples, ask yourself the following questions:

• What is the essay's thesis statement, and how do you know it is the thesis statement?
• What is the main idea or topic sentence of each body paragraph, and how does it relate back to the thesis statement?
• Where and how does each essay use evidence (quotes or paraphrase from the literature)?
• What are some of the literary devices or structures the essays analyze or discuss?
• How does each author structure their conclusion, and how does their conclusion differ from their introduction?

Example 1: Poetry

Victoria Morillo

Instructor Heather Ringo

3 August 2022

How Nguyen’s Structure Solidifies the Impact of Sexual Violence in “The Study”

Stripped of innocence, your body taken from you. No matter how much you try to block out the instance in which these two things occurred, memories surface and come back to haunt you. How does a person, a young boy , cope with an event that forever changes his life? Hieu Minh Nguyen deconstructs this very way in which an act of sexual violence affects a survivor. In his poem, “The Study,” the poem's speaker recounts the year in which his molestation took place, describing how his memory filters in and out. Throughout the poem, Nguyen writes in free verse, permitting a structural liberation to become the foundation for his message to shine through. While he moves the readers with this poignant narrative, Nguyen effectively conveys the resulting internal struggles of feeling alone and unseen.

The speaker recalls his experience with such painful memory through the use of specific punctuation choices. Just by looking at the poem, we see that the first period doesn’t appear until line 14. It finally comes after the speaker reveals to his readers the possible, central purpose for writing this poem: the speaker's molestation. In the first half, the poem makes use of commas, em dashes, and colons, which lends itself to the idea of the speaker stringing along all of these details to make sense of this time in his life. If reading the poem following the conventions of punctuation, a sense of urgency is present here, as well. This is exemplified by the lack of periods to finalize a thought; and instead, Nguyen uses other punctuation marks to connect them. Serving as another connector of thoughts, the two em dashes give emphasis to the role memory plays when the speaker discusses how “no one [had] a face” during that time (Nguyen 9-11). He speaks in this urgent manner until the 14th line, and when he finally gets it off his chest, the pace of the poem changes, as does the more frequent use of the period. This stream-of-consciousness-like section when juxtaposed with the latter half of the poem, causes readers to slow down and pay attention to the details. It also splits the poem in two: a section that talks of the fogginess of memory then transitions into one that remembers it all.

In tandem with the fluctuating nature of memory, the utilization of line breaks and word choice help reflect the damage the molestation has had. Within the first couple of lines of the poem, the poem demands the readers’ attention when the line breaks from “floating” to “dead” as the speaker describes his memory of Little Billy (Nguyen 1-4). This line break averts the readers’ expectation of the direction of the narrative and immediately shifts the tone of the poem. The break also speaks to the effect his trauma has ingrained in him and how “[f]or the longest time,” his only memory of that year revolves around an image of a boy’s death. In a way, the speaker sees himself in Little Billy; or perhaps, he’s representative of the tragic death of his boyhood, how the speaker felt so “dead” after enduring such a traumatic experience, even referring to himself as a “ghost” that he tries to evict from his conscience (Nguyen 24). The feeling that a part of him has died is solidified at the very end of the poem when the speaker describes himself as a nine-year-old boy who’s been “fossilized,” forever changed by this act (Nguyen 29). By choosing words associated with permanence and death, the speaker tries to recreate the atmosphere (for which he felt trapped in) in order for readers to understand the loneliness that came as a result of his trauma. With the assistance of line breaks, more attention is drawn to the speaker's words, intensifying their importance, and demanding to be felt by the readers.

Most importantly, the speaker expresses eloquently, and so heartbreakingly, about the effect sexual violence has on a person. Perhaps what seems to be the most frustrating are the people who fail to believe survivors of these types of crimes. This is evident when he describes “how angry” the tenants were when they filled the pool with cement (Nguyen 4). They seem to represent how people in the speaker's life were dismissive of his assault and who viewed his tragedy as a nuisance of some sorts. This sentiment is bookended when he says, “They say, give us details , so I give them my body. / They say, give us proof , so I give them my body,” (Nguyen 25-26). The repetition of these two lines reinforces the feeling many feel in these scenarios, as they’re often left to deal with trying to make people believe them, or to even see them.

It’s important to recognize how the structure of this poem gives the speaker space to express the pain he’s had to carry for so long. As a characteristic of free verse, the poem doesn’t follow any structured rhyme scheme or meter; which in turn, allows him to not have any constraints in telling his story the way he wants to. The speaker has the freedom to display his experience in a way that evades predictability and engenders authenticity of a story very personal to him. As readers, we abandon anticipating the next rhyme, and instead focus our attention to the other ways, like his punctuation or word choice, in which he effectively tells his story. The speaker recognizes that some part of him no longer belongs to himself, but by writing “The Study,” he shows other survivors that they’re not alone and encourages hope that eventually, they will be freed from the shackles of sexual violence.

Works Cited

Nguyen, Hieu Minh. “The Study” Poets.Org. Academy of American Poets, Coffee House Press, 2018, https://poets.org/poem/study-0 .

Example 2: Fiction

Todd Goodwin

Professor Stan Matyshak

Advanced Expository Writing

Sept. 17, 20—

Poe’s “Usher”: A Mirror of the Fall of the House of Humanity

Right from the outset of the grim story, “The Fall of the House of Usher,” Edgar Allan Poe enmeshes us in a dark, gloomy, hopeless world, alienating his characters and the reader from any sort of physical or psychological norm where such values as hope and happiness could possibly exist. He fatalistically tells the story of how a man (the narrator) comes from the outside world of hope, religion, and everyday society and tries to bring some kind of redeeming happiness to his boyhood friend, Roderick Usher, who not only has physically and psychologically wasted away but is entrapped in a dilapidated house of ever-looming terror with an emaciated and deranged twin sister. Roderick Usher embodies the wasting away of what once was vibrant and alive, and his house of “insufferable gloom” (273), which contains his morbid sister, seems to mirror or reflect this fear of death and annihilation that he most horribly endures. A close reading of the story reveals that Poe uses mirror images, or reflections, to contribute to the fatalistic theme of “Usher”: each reflection serves to intensify an already prevalent tone of hopelessness, darkness, and fatalism.

It could be argued that the house of Roderick Usher is a “house of mirrors,” whose unpleasant and grim reflections create a dark and hopeless setting. For example, the narrator first approaches “the melancholy house of Usher on a dark and soundless day,” and finds a building which causes him a “sense of insufferable gloom,” which “pervades his spirit and causes an iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart, an undiscerned dreariness of thought” (273). The narrator then optimistically states: “I reflected that a mere different arrangement of the scene, of the details of the picture, would be sufficient to modify, or perhaps annihilate its capacity for sorrowful impression” (274). But the narrator then sees the reflection of the house in the tarn and experiences a “shudder even more thrilling than before” (274). Thus the reader begins to realize that the narrator cannot change or stop the impending doom that will befall the house of Usher, and maybe humanity. The story cleverly plays with the word reflection : the narrator sees a physical reflection that leads him to a mental reflection about Usher’s surroundings.

The narrator’s disillusionment by such grim reflection continues in the story. For example, he describes Roderick Usher’s face as distinct with signs of old strength but lost vigor: the remains of what used to be. He describes the house as a once happy and vibrant place, which, like Roderick, lost its vitality. Also, the narrator describes Usher’s hair as growing wild on his rather obtrusive head, which directly mirrors the eerie moss and straw covering the outside of the house. The narrator continually longs to see these bleak reflections as a dream, for he states: “Shaking off from my spirit what must have been a dream, I scanned more narrowly the real aspect of the building” (276). He does not want to face the reality that Usher and his home are doomed to fall, regardless of what he does.

Although there are almost countless examples of these mirror images, two others stand out as important. First, Roderick and his sister, Madeline, are twins. The narrator aptly states just as he and Roderick are entombing Madeline that there is “a striking similitude between brother and sister” (288). Indeed, they are mirror images of each other. Madeline is fading away psychologically and physically, and Roderick is not too far behind! The reflection of “doom” that these two share helps intensify and symbolize the hopelessness of the entire situation; thus, they further develop the fatalistic theme. Second, in the climactic scene where Madeline has been mistakenly entombed alive, there is a pairing of images and sounds as the narrator tries to calm Roderick by reading him a romance story. Events in the story simultaneously unfold with events of the sister escaping her tomb. In the story, the hero breaks out of the coffin. Then, in the story, the dragon’s shriek as he is slain parallels Madeline’s shriek. Finally, the story tells of the clangor of a shield, matched by the sister’s clanging along a metal passageway. As the suspense reaches its climax, Roderick shrieks his last words to his “friend,” the narrator: “Madman! I tell you that she now stands without the door” (296).

Roderick, who slowly falls into insanity, ironically calls the narrator the “Madman.” We are left to reflect on what Poe means by this ironic twist. Poe’s bleak and dark imagery, and his use of mirror reflections, seem only to intensify the hopelessness of “Usher.” We can plausibly conclude that, indeed, the narrator is the “Madman,” for he comes from everyday society, which is a place where hope and faith exist. Poe would probably argue that such a place is opposite to the world of Usher because a world where death is inevitable could not possibly hold such positive values. Therefore, just as Roderick mirrors his sister, the reflection in the tarn mirrors the dilapidation of the house, and the story mirrors the final actions before the death of Usher. “The Fall of the House of Usher” reflects Poe’s view that humanity is hopelessly doomed.

Poe, Edgar Allan. “The Fall of the House of Usher.” 1839. Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library . 1995. Web. 1 July 2012. < http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/PoeFall.html >.

Example 3: Poetry

Amy Chisnell

Professor Laura Neary

Writing and Literature

April 17, 20—

Don’t Listen to the Egg!: A Close Reading of Lewis Carroll’s “Jabberwocky”

“You seem very clever at explaining words, Sir,” said Alice. “Would you kindly tell me the meaning of the poem called ‘Jabberwocky’?”

“Let’s hear it,” said Humpty Dumpty. “I can explain all the poems that ever were invented—and a good many that haven’t been invented just yet.” (Carroll 164)

In Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass , Humpty Dumpty confidently translates (to a not so confident Alice) the complicated language of the poem “Jabberwocky.” The words of the poem, though nonsense, aptly tell the story of the slaying of the Jabberwock. Upon finding “Jabberwocky” on a table in the looking-glass room, Alice is confused by the strange words. She is quite certain that “ somebody killed something ,” but she does not understand much more than that. When later she encounters Humpty Dumpty, she seizes the opportunity at having the knowledgeable egg interpret—or translate—the poem. Since Humpty Dumpty professes to be able to “make a word work” for him, he is quick to agree. Thus he acts like a New Critic who interprets the poem by performing a close reading of it. Through Humpty’s interpretation of the first stanza, however, we see the poem’s deeper comment concerning the practice of interpreting poetry and literature in general—that strict analytical translation destroys the beauty of a poem. In fact, Humpty Dumpty commits the “heresy of paraphrase,” for he fails to understand that meaning cannot be separated from the form or structure of the literary work.

Of the 71 words found in “Jabberwocky,” 43 have no known meaning. They are simply nonsense. Yet through this nonsensical language, the poem manages not only to tell a story but also gives the reader a sense of setting and characterization. One feels, rather than concretely knows, that the setting is dark, wooded, and frightening. The characters, such as the Jubjub bird, the Bandersnatch, and the doomed Jabberwock, also appear in the reader’s head, even though they will not be found in the local zoo. Even though most of the words are not real, the reader is able to understand what goes on because he or she is given free license to imagine what the words denote and connote. Simply, the poem’s nonsense words are the meaning.

Therefore, when Humpty interprets “Jabberwocky” for Alice, he is not doing her any favors, for he actually misreads the poem. Although the poem in its original is constructed from nonsense words, by the time Humpty is done interpreting it, it truly does not make any sense. The first stanza of the original poem is as follows:

’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;

All mimsy were the borogroves,

An the mome raths outgrabe. (Carroll 164)

If we replace, however, the nonsense words of “Jabberwocky” with Humpty’s translated words, the effect would be something like this:

’Twas four o’clock in the afternoon, and the lithe and slimy badger-lizard-corkscrew creatures

Did go round and round and make holes in the grass-plot round the sun-dial:

All flimsy and miserable were the shabby-looking birds

with mop feathers,

And the lost green pigs bellowed-sneezed-whistled.

By translating the poem in such a way, Humpty removes the charm or essence—and the beauty, grace, and rhythm—from the poem. The poetry is sacrificed for meaning. Humpty Dumpty commits the heresy of paraphrase. As Cleanth Brooks argues, “The structure of a poem resembles that of a ballet or musical composition. It is a pattern of resolutions and balances and harmonizations” (203). When the poem is left as nonsense, the reader can easily imagine what a “slithy tove” might be, but when Humpty tells us what it is, he takes that imaginative license away from the reader. The beauty (if that is the proper word) of “Jabberwocky” is in not knowing what the words mean, and yet understanding. By translating the poem, Humpty takes that privilege from the reader. In addition, Humpty fails to recognize that meaning cannot be separated from the structure itself: the nonsense poem reflects this literally—it means “nothing” and achieves this meaning by using “nonsense” words.

Furthermore, the nonsense words Carroll chooses to use in “Jabberwocky” have a magical effect upon the reader; the shadowy sound of the words create the atmosphere, which may be described as a trance-like mood. When Alice first reads the poem, she says it seems to fill her head “with ideas.” The strange-sounding words in the original poem do give one ideas. Why is this? Even though the reader has never heard these words before, he or she is instantly aware of the murky, mysterious mood they set. In other words, diction operates not on the denotative level (the dictionary meaning) but on the connotative level (the emotion(s) they evoke). Thus “Jabberwocky” creates a shadowy mood, and the nonsense words are instrumental in creating this mood. Carroll could not have simply used any nonsense words.

For example, let us change the “dark,” “ominous” words of the first stanza to “lighter,” more “comic” words:

’Twas mearly, and the churly pells

Did bimble and ringle in the tink;

All timpy were the brimbledimps,

And the bip plips outlink.

Shifting the sounds of the words from dark to light merely takes a shift in thought. To create a specific mood using nonsense words, one must create new words from old words that convey the desired mood. In “Jabberwocky,” Carroll mixes “slimy,” a grim idea, “lithe,” a pliable image, to get a new adjective: “slithy” (a portmanteau word). In this translation, brighter words were used to get a lighter effect. “Mearly” is a combination of “morning” and “early,” and “ringle” is a blend of “ring” and "dingle.” The point is that “Jabberwocky’s” nonsense words are created specifically to convey this shadowy or mysterious mood and are integral to the “meaning.”

Consequently, Humpty’s rendering of the poem leaves the reader with a completely different feeling than does the original poem, which provided us with a sense of ethereal mystery, of a dark and foreign land with exotic creatures and fantastic settings. The mysteriousness is destroyed by Humpty’s literal paraphrase of the creatures and the setting; by doing so, he has taken the beauty away from the poem in his attempt to understand it. He has committed the heresy of paraphrase: “If we allow ourselves to be misled by it [this heresy], we distort the relation of the poem to its ‘truth’… we split the poem between its ‘form’ and its ‘content’” (Brooks 201). Humpty Dumpty’s ultimate demise might be seen to symbolize the heretical split between form and content: as a literary creation, Humpty Dumpty is an egg, a well-wrought urn of nonsense. His fall from the wall cracks him and separates the contents from the container, and not even all the King’s men can put the scrambled egg back together again!

Through the odd characters of a little girl and a foolish egg, “Jabberwocky” suggests a bit of sage advice about reading poetry, advice that the New Critics built their theories on. The importance lies not solely within strict analytical translation or interpretation, but in the overall effect of the imagery and word choice that evokes a meaning inseparable from those literary devices. As Archibald MacLeish so aptly writes: “A poem should not mean / But be.” Sometimes it takes a little nonsense to show us the sense in something.

Brooks, Cleanth. The Well-Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry . 1942. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1956. Print.

Carroll, Lewis. Through the Looking-Glass. Alice in Wonderland . 2nd ed. Ed. Donald J. Gray. New York: Norton, 1992. Print.

MacLeish, Archibald. “Ars Poetica.” The Oxford Book of American Poetry . Ed. David Lehman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006. 385–86. Print.

Example 4: Poetry

Firstname Lastname

21 March 2019

"golden daffodils" as Economics of Personification in Wordsworth's "I wandered lonely as a cloud"

A lyric poem about an isolated speaker wandering lonely among flowers starts out sad but becomes joyful by the end. The title of this poem by William Wordsworth immediately gave me the sense it would be a sad poem since it included the word “lonely.” This word usually has negative connotations. The first two lines of the stanza confirmed my initial impressions in that it used imagery of a cloud floating “high” over an empty landscape (1-2). The tone is sad and moody. However, this loneliness is disrupted when the cloudlike speaker is joined by his new friends: personified daffodils (4).  In this essay, I argue that through wealth metaphor and anthropomorphism , the speaker rejects the money economy to embrace an economy of plants, where daffodils are valuable friends in an otherwise lonely landscape.

Some might say describing flowers with human anatomy is creepy. The idea of flowers “tossing their heads” seems like a nightmare or bad drug trip at first (12). But on closer inspection, it's not just the daffodils. The entire landscape is alive. There is apparently a dance-off going on between the lake waves and the flowers (14). What started off as a lonely poem quickly grew into a kind of party. Through transforming what seems at first like an empty landscape into one that is populated, the narrator presents an unconventional approach to loneliness, where perhaps companionship includes nonhuman beings.

While being lonely often has negative connotations, there is a lot of diction choices that make it seem as if loneliness is valued by the speaker. The reason I say that is because the daffodils aren’t just personified, but they are also described as “golden” (4). They could have been described as yellow, lemon-colored, any number of adjectives . The association with a valuable metal seems intentional, especially considering the speaker describes the “show” of the daffodil dance as “wealth” near the end of the poem (18). Most people would not immediately associate loneliness or common flowers with wealth.

Perhaps the true value of the daffodils is indicated in this final stanza emphasizing the value of daffodils in memory. Here the moment of observing the dancing daffodils again seems to be represented as a renewable gift that nature gave to the speaker. The speaker sits at home alone on his couch in a “pensive mood” (20). According to Webster's dictionary, "pensive" means a thoughtful state, with negative connotations of “thoughtful sadness” (“Pensive”). So the speaker is afflicted with sadness, and then the memory of the daffodils acts as a kind of cure, so the speaker’s “heart with pleasure fills” (23). While traditional gifts can be exhausted or used up, this source is renewable: he can think of the daffodils again and again to refill any emptiness he may feel. His heart functions as a kind of bank or wallet. This emptiness of his thoughts filled by the golden daffodil memory mirrors the original empty, lonely landscape at the beginning of the poem which was then populated by the daffodils.

Looking back, the poem tells a story about finding value in surprising settings. It might even be described as having a plot l ike a work of short fiction, perhaps classifying it as narrative poetry . While the “lonely” beginning of the poem and the “pensive” mood indicate loneliness as negative, the speaker in the poem traces a journey where he finds “the bliss of solitude” (22).  This phrase is somewhat of an oxymoron : bliss and solitude are not usually used together. Many find that walks in nature help them feel better. Perhaps the speaker of the poem is speaking to a universal truth about the value of nature? Or about how we aren’t really ever alone? Or that maybe we should reconsider what we truly value, and what nature is worth? Certainly the poem makes an argument for relationship with the nonhuman world.

Through transforming daffodils into golden companions, and turning loneliness into blissful solitude, the poem exchanges one economy for another. The speaker gains a hoard of memories that they are able to look back upon and reconsider. This form of wealth is renewable. Perhaps this exploration of the botanical economy and its revaluation of loneliness can be applied to Wordsworth's other poems.

“Pensive.” The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster Inc., https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pensive Accessed 31 December 2019.

Wordsworth, William. “I wandered lonely as a cloud.” 1807. Poetry Foundation. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45521/i-wandered-lonely-as-a-cloud Accessed 21 October 2019.

Attribution

• Sample Essay 1 received permission from Victoria Morillo to publish, licensed Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International ( CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 )
• Sample Essays 2 and 3 adapted from Cordell, Ryan and John Pennington. "2.5: Student Sample Papers" from Creating Literary Analysis. 2012. Licensed Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported ( CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 )

How to write a poetry essay

• August 26, 2023

Whether you love literature or are just curious, this guide will help you understand, enjoy, and talk about poetry. So, let’s start exploring the world of lines and symbols, where each one tells a story to discover.

Here are the steps on writing a poetry essay.

Choose a poem

The first step is, of course, to choose a poem to write your essay . 

It should be one that you find interesting, thought-provoking, or emotionally resonant. It’s important to select a poem that you can engage with and analyze effectively.

• Choose a poem that genuinely captures your interest. Look for poems that evoke emotions, thoughts, or curiosity when you read them.
• Consider the themes addressed in the poem. It should offer ample material for analysis.

When choosing a poem

So for this guide, let’s choose Emily Dickinson’s poem “Because I could not stop for Death.” You’ll see a short excerpt of this poem for your understanding. 

Poem example for poetry essay

Because i couldn not stop for Death by Emily Dickinson

       Because I could not stop for Death –        He kindly stopped for me –        The Carriage held but just Ourselves –        And Immortality.        We slowly drove – He knew no haste        And I had put away        My labor and my leisure too,        For His Civility –        We passed the School, where Children strove        At Recess – in the Ring –        We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain –        We passed the Setting Sun –        The poem continues....

This poem is intriguing due to its exploration of mortality, the afterlife, and eternity. The imagery and language in the poem provide ample material for analysis, making it a suitable choice for a comprehensive essay.

After carefully choosing the poem that interests you, understanding the poem is the biggest key to writing an effective and nice poetry essay.

Understand the poem

Reading the poem several times to grasp its meaning is the most important part of a good analysis. You must first analyze the structure, rhyme scheme , meter and literary tools used in the poem.

For a solid understanding, you should:

• Read the poem multiple times to familiarize yourself with its content. Each reading may reveal new insights.
• Identify the central themes or messages the poem conveys.
• Study the rhyme scheme and meter (rhythmic pattern) of the poem.
• Consider how the structure, including its stanzas, lines, and breaks, contributes to the poem's meaning and impact.

For example

Remember, understanding the poem thoroughly is the foundation for a well-informed analysis. Take your time to grasp the poem’s various elements before moving on to the next steps in your essay.

Now that we have a clear understanding of the poem, let’s move into writing the introduction. 

Write a catchy introduction

• Begin with an attention-grabbing hook sentence that piques the reader's interest.
• Provide the necessary information about the poem and its author. Mention the poet's name and title of the poem.
• Offer some context about the poem's time period, literary movement, or cultural influences.
• Present your thesis statement , which outlines the main argument or focus of your essay.

Poetry essay introduction example

Introduction

Thesis statement for poetry essays

A thesis statement is a clear and concise sentence or two that presents the main argument or point of your essay . It provides a roadmap for your reader, outlining what they can expect to find in your essay.

In the case of a poetry essay, your thesis statement should capture the central message, themes, or techniques you’ll be discussing in relation to the poem.

Why is the thesis important for a poetry essay?

By reading your thesis statement, your audience should have a clear idea of what to expect from your poem analysis essay.

When creating a thesis statement, keep these in mind: 

• Start by identifying the key elements of the poem that you want to discuss. These could be themes, literary devices, emotions conveyed, or the poet's intentions.
• Based on the key elements you've identified, formulate a central argument that encapsulates your main analysis. What is the poem trying to convey? What are you trying to say about the poem?
• Your thesis should be specific and focused. Avoid vague or broad statements. Instead, provide a clear direction for your analysis.

Poetry essasy thesis statement example

....(introduction starts) ....(introduction continues) ....(introduction continues) In "Because I could not stop for Death," Emily Dickinson employs vivid imagery, personification, and an unconventional perspective on mortality to explore the transcendence of death and the eternity of the soul. Thesis statement, which is usually the last sentence of your introduction

Analyze language and imagery

Language and image analysis in poetry involves a close examination of the words, phrases and literary devices used by the poet. In this step you must uncover the deeper layers of meaning, emotion and sensory experiences conveyed by the poet’s choice of language and imagery.

Why language and imagery?

• Start by identifying and listing the literary devices present in the poem. These could include metaphors, similes, personification, symbolism, alliteration, onomatopoeia, and more.
• For each identified device, explain its significance. How does it contribute to the poem's meaning, mood, or tone?
• Analyze how the literary devices interact with the context of the poem. How do they relate to the themes, characters, or situations presented in the poem?
• Discuss how the use of specific language and imagery influences the reader's emotional response and understanding of the poem.

Continuing with Emily Dickinson’s “Because I could not stop for Death,” let’s analyze the use of imagery:

Language and imagery analysis example

Lines chosen for analysis

Discuss themes in body paragraphs

Exploring themes helps you grasp the deeper meaning of the poem and connect it to broader human experiences. Understanding the themes allows you to uncover what the poet is attempting to convey and how the poem relates to readers on a universal level.

In this step, you will likely dedicate multiple body paragraphs to the analysis of various aspects of language and imagery. Each body paragraph should focus on a specific literary device, phrase, or aspect of language and imagery.

Here’s how you can structure the body paragraphs.

Poetry essay body paragraphs example

Body Paragraph 1: Identify and Explain Literary Devices

Body Paragraph 2: Context and Interaction with Themes

Body Paragraph 3: Reader's emotional response and understanding

Provide evidence from the poem

Providing evidence involves quoting specific lines or stanzas from the poem to support the points you’re making in your analysis. These quotes serve as concrete examples that demonstrate how the poet uses language, imagery, or literary devices to convey specific meanings or emotions.

• Select lines or stanzas from the poem that directly relate to the point you're making in your analysis.
• Introduce each quote with context, explaining the significance of the lines and how they contribute to your analysis.
• Use quotation marks to indicate that you're using the poet's language.
• After providing the quote, interpret its meaning. Explain how the language, imagery, or devices used in the quoted lines contribute to your analysis.

Providing evidence example

In your essay, you should include several quotes and interpret them to reinforce your points. Quoting specific lines from the poem allows you to showcase the poet’s language while demonstrating how these lines contribute to the poem’s overall expression.

Write a conclusion

Conclusion paragraph is the last sentence of your poem analysis essay. It reinforces your thesis statement and emphasizes your insights.

Additionally, the conclusion offers a chance to provide a final thought that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. In your conclusion, make sure to:

• Start by rephrasing your thesis statement. Remind the reader of the main argument you've made in your essay.
• Provide a concise summary of the main points. Avoid introducing new information; focus on the key ideas.
• Discuss the broader significance or implications. How does the poem's message relate to readers beyond its specific context?
• End with a thoughtful reflection, observation, or question that leaves the reader with something to ponder.

Poetry essay conclusion example

In your essay, the conclusion serves as a final opportunity to leave a strong impression on the reader by summarizing your analysis and offering insights into the poem’s broader significance.

Now, it’s time to double check what you’ve written.

Proofread and revise your essay

Edit your essay for clarity, coherence, tense selection , correct headings , etc. Ensure that your ideas flow logically and your analysis is well-supported. Remember, a poetry essay is an opportunity to delve into the nuances of a poem’s language, themes, and emotions.

• Review each paragraph to ensure ideas flow logically from one to the next.
• Check for grammar and punctuation errors.
• Verify that your evidence from the poem is accurately quoted and explained.
• Make sure your language is clear and effectively conveys your analysis.

By proofreading and revising, you can refine your essay, improving its readability and ensuring that your insights are communicated accurately.

So this was the last part, you’re now ready to write your first poem analysis (poetry) essay. 

Frequently Asked Questions

What should i include in the introduction of a poetry essay.

In the introduction, provide background information about the poem and poet. Include the poem’s title, publication date, and any relevant context that helps readers understand its significance.

Can I include my emotional responses in a poetry essay?

Yes, you can discuss your emotional responses, but ensure they are supported by your analysis of the poem’s literary elements. Avoid focusing solely on personal feelings.

Is it important to understand the poet's background when writing a poetry essay?

While it can provide context, your focus should be on analyzing the poem itself. If the poet’s background is relevant to the poem’s interpretation, mention it briefly.

What's the best way to conclude a poetry essay?

In the conclusion, summarize your main points and tie them together. Offer insights into the poem’s broader significance, implications, or lasting impact.

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Essays on Poetry

What makes a good poetry essay topics.

When it comes to writing a poetry essay, choosing the right topic is crucial. A good poetry essay topic should be engaging, thought-provoking, and allow for in-depth analysis and interpretation. But how do you brainstorm and choose the perfect poetry essay topic? Here are some recommendations:

• Brainstorming: Start by brainstorming different themes, styles, and poets that interest you. Consider the emotions or messages conveyed in the poems and how they relate to your own experiences or the world around you.
• What to consider: When choosing a poetry essay topic, consider the depth and complexity of the poem, the historical or cultural context in which it was written, and the impact it has had on the literary world. Look for topics that allow you to delve into these aspects and provide insightful analysis.
• What Makes a Good essay topic: A good poetry essay topic should be specific, original, and allow for multiple interpretations. It should also be relevant and timely, sparking interest and discussion among readers.

Best Poetry Essay Topics

• The use of nature imagery in the poetry of Emily Dickinson
• The role of symbolism in the works of William Blake
• The representation of love and loss in the sonnets of Elizabeth Barrett Browning
• The influence of jazz and blues on the poetry of Langston Hughes
• The theme of war and its impact on the poetry of Wilfred Owen
• ... (list continues)

Poetry essay topics Prompts

Looking for some creative prompts to inspire your next poetry essay? Here are five engaging prompts to get you started:

• Choose a contemporary poet and analyze how their work reflects the current social and political climate.
• Select a classic poem and explore how its themes and imagery are still relevant in today's society.
• Compare and contrast the use of nature imagery in two different poems, discussing how each poet's perspective influences the portrayal of the natural world.
• Explore the use of form and structure in a specific poem, discussing how it enhances or detracts from the overall meaning and impact.
• Choose a poem that addresses a universal human experience, such as love, loss, or resilience, and analyze how the poet conveys these emotions through language and imagery.

When it comes to choosing a poetry essay topic, it's important to consider the depth and complexity of the poem, the historical or cultural context, and the impact it has had on the literary world. By brainstorming and considering these factors, you can select a topic that is engaging, thought-provoking, and allows for in-depth analysis and interpretation. And with the list of best poetry essay topics and creative prompts provided, you'll have plenty of inspiration to get started on your next poetry essay.

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Poetry is a form of literature, verbal artistic creativity, an additional measure of speech of which is a verse, a line of poetry and rhymes.

Sonnet, shi, villanelle, limerick, tanka, haiku, khlong, khlong si suphap, ode

Narrative poetry, lyric poetry, epic poetry, satirical poetry, elegy, verse fable, dramatic poetry, speculative poetry, prose poetry, light poetry

1. Wainwright, J. (2015). Poetry: the basics. Routledge. (https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315742137/poetry-basics-jeffrey-wainwright) 2. Woodring, C. (2013). Politics in English romantic poetry. In Politics in English Romantic Poetry. Harvard University Press. (https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674434547/html) 3. Eichner, H. (1956). Friedrich Schlegel's theory of romantic poetry. PMLA, 71(5), 1018-1041. (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/pmla/article/abs/friedrich-schlegels-theory-of-romantic-poetry/3CAFEAE1171ED3B468562C11F0AD76F5) 4. Cronin, R. (2000). The Politics of Romantic Poetry: In Search of the Pure Commonwealth. Springer. (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230287051) 5. Campbell, J. (1999). Combat gnosticism: The ideology of First World War poetry criticism. New Literary History, 30(1), 203-215. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20057530) 6. Schweik, S. (1987). Writing war poetry like a woman. Critical Inquiry, 13(3), 532-556. (https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/448407?journalCode=ci) 7. Barrett, F. P., & Miller, C. (2005). " Words for the Hour": A New Anthology of American Civil War Poetry. University of Massachusetts Press. (https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/190/monograph/book/4298) 8. Das, S. (2009). War poetry and the realm of the senses: Owen and Rosenberg. (https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34521/chapter-abstract/292894258?redirectedFrom=fulltext) 9. Mellor, A. K. (1999). The female poet and the poetess: two traditions of British women’s poetry, 1780–1830. Women’s Poetry in the Enlightenment: The Making of a Canon, 1730–1820, 81-98. (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-27024-8_5) 10. Kaufman, J. C., & Baer, J. (2002). I bask in dreams of suicide: Mental illness, poetry, and women. Review of general psychology, 6(3), 271-286. (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1037/1089-2680.6.3.271?journalCode=rgpa)

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Poetry - Free Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

Poetry, a form of literary expression that emphasizes aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language, often explores emotions, ideas, and imagery. Essays on poetry could delve into the exploration of different genres, styles, and structures of poetry, and the analysis of significant poets and their works. Discussions might also explore the historical evolution of poetry, the role of cultural and societal themes in poetic expressions, and the modern manifestations of poetry in digital mediums. Furthermore, analyzing the enduring appeal of poetry, its therapeutic value, and its educational importance can provide a holistic understanding of the poetic form and its ability to encapsulate the human experience. We have collected a large number of free essay examples about Poetry you can find at PapersOwl Website. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

Poetry Analysis: Harlem by Langston Hughes

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Because i could not Stop for Death

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Critical Decision Points in Personal Development

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Decision Symbolism in Frosts Narrative Poetry

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Frost’s Modern America: Poetic Vision

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“Mother to Son” by Langston Hughes

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Victorian Love and Society in Wilde’s Satirical Play

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Invisibility and Resilience in Langston Hughes’ I, too

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A Significant Role in the Poetry of Nature, Creativity, and Imagination in the Eighteenth Century

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A Poetry Analysis: the Solitary Reaper

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Robert Frost and Modernist Elements in his Poetry

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Dreams Vs Reality: Philosophical Perspectives

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Pastoral Imagery in Wordsworth Solitary Reaper

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Unveiling Emily Dickinson: Life, Poetry, and Legacy

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Exploring the Personification of Hope in the Poetry of Emily Dickinson

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Lifestyles of the Early 1900s

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Realism and Parody in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130

Introduction William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130, “My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun,” stands as a fascinating exploration of love through the lens of parody and realism. This sonnet, part of a larger collection first published in 1609, challenges the conventional poetic norms of the Elizabethan era. Shakespeare subverts the idealized portrait of feminine beauty often found in the love sonnets of his time, setting forth a more grounded and authentic depiction of his beloved. In this essay, we will […]

Poetry Unpeeled: the Sweetness of Adolescence in Gary Soto’s ‘Oranges

Gary Soto’s “Oranges” is not merely a poem about a boy, a girl, and the fruit in his pocket; it's a tender foray into the heart of adolescence, where every gesture is magnified and the simplest acts become meaningful. Soto, with his characteristic warmth and clarity, captures the innocence and earnestness of young love, using the bright citrus fruit as a symbol for burgeoning feelings and the sweetness of youth. The poem unfolds on a cold December morning, as a […]

The Witty and Woeful World of Dorothy Parker’s Poetry

Dorothy Parker, a name synonymous with early 20th-century American literature, crafted poetry that was as sharp as it was sorrowful. Her work is a blend of biting wit and poignant reflection on life, love, and loss. Parker’s poetry stands out for its unique voice that combines irony, humor, and a deep sense of melancholy. In this exploration of her poetic legacy, we delve into the themes and styles that make Parker's work both enduring and endearingly human. Parker’s poetry is […]

Frost’s Poem the Road not Taken

"In the poem, “The Road Not Taken,” by Robert Frost the theme portrays the utmost effects of making a choice. In life we are faced with many decisions, and there are points where we must let fate take the lead. “The Road Not Taken” uses two paths to symbolize two separate life decisions. However, to truly understand this poem, you must obtain a relatively clear idea of life’s meaning. Throughout this poem the author helps us better understand the message […]

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'Gone from My Sight,' often known as 'The Parable of Immortality' or 'The Ship,' is a poignant and widely recognized poem that addresses the delicate subject of dying and the process of leaving this life. This short but impactful piece, traditionally attributed to Henry Van Dyke, offers a serene metaphor for death, likening it to a ship sailing away from the shore. In this essay, we explore the layers of meaning within 'Gone from My Sight,' its use in understanding […]

Listening to the Verse: the Poetry of ‘Hear America’

Certain literary and poetic works have the ability to speak to a nation's spirit, encapsulating its spirit and mirroring its collective awareness. Among these, the phrase 'Hear America' stands as a testament to the rich tapestry of voices and experiences that define the United States. This exploration delves into the multifaceted interpretations of 'Hear America', examining how it echoes through various aspects of American culture and identity. At its core, 'Hear America' embodies the nation's diversity. It is a call […]

Harmonies in Verse: Exploring the Diverse Tones of Poetry

The realm of poetry is as vast and varied as the emotions it evokes. Each poem carries its unique tone, a melodic undercurrent that sweeps the reader into its rhythmic waves. The tone of a poem is the heartbeat of its theme, the subtle voice in which the poet converses with the reader. It’s not just about the words used, but how they are woven together to create an atmosphere that breathes life into each verse. Tone in poetry is […]

Rhetorical Analysis: the Raven

In January 1845, Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven" was introduced to the world, quickly becoming one of his most celebrated works. This poem delves deeply into the psyche of a man tormented by the loss of his beloved Lenore. The central narrative unfolds as a raven, a symbol of perpetual mourning, enters the man's chamber through a window. It responds to his desperate questions with the repeated utterance, "Nevermore." This refrain serves both as a reminder of his irreparable loss […]

Related topic

How to write an essay about poetry, understanding the essence of poetry.

Before you start writing an essay about poetry, it is crucial to immerse yourself in the essence of the form. Poetry is a unique literary art that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings and emotions. Begin your essay by defining what poetry means to you, and discuss its different elements like form, meter, rhyme, imagery, and symbolism. Understanding these fundamental aspects is essential, as they are the building blocks of any poem. Also, explore the various types of poetry, such as sonnets, haikus, free verse, and narrative poems, to give a comprehensive view of the subject.

Developing a Thesis Statement

A strong essay on poetry should be anchored by a clear, focused thesis statement. This statement should present a specific argument or perspective about the poem or poems you are analyzing. For example, you might explore the theme of love in a sonnet, the use of nature imagery in a haiku, or the societal commentary in a piece of narrative poetry. Your thesis will guide the direction of your essay and ensure a structured and coherent analysis.

Analyzing the Chosen Poem(s)

Select the poem or poems you wish to analyze and study them closely. Focus on how the poet uses language, structure, and literary devices to convey their message and evoke emotions. If you're analyzing multiple poems, you might compare and contrast their themes, styles, or the poets’ different approaches to a common subject. Use specific lines or stanzas from the poem(s) to support your thesis and illustrate your points.

Exploring Themes and Literary Devices

Dedicate a section of your essay to exploring the themes and literary devices used in the poem(s). Discuss how these themes are developed through the poet’s choice of words, imagery, metaphors, or symbols. Analyze how the use of these devices enhances the overall impact of the poem and contributes to its meaning. This analysis will demonstrate your understanding of the poem’s deeper layers and your ability to interpret poetic language.

Concluding the Essay

Conclude your essay by summarizing your main arguments and restating your thesis in light of the discussion. Your conclusion should tie together your analysis and emphasize the significance of your findings. Reflect on the broader implications of the poem, such as its relevance to contemporary issues, its contribution to the genre of poetry, or what it reveals about human experience.

Reviewing and Refining Your Essay

After completing your essay, review and refine it. Ensure that your arguments are clearly articulated and supported by evidence from the poem(s). Check for grammatical accuracy and ensure that your essay flows logically from one point to the next. Consider seeking feedback from peers or instructors to further improve your essay. A well-crafted essay on poetry will not only demonstrate your understanding of the art form but also your ability to engage critically with literary texts.

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Poetry Essays Examples | Poetry Analysis Essay, Introduction and How to Write?

October 21, 2024 by Prasanna

Poetry Essays Examples: A poem essay assesses a poem. It breaks down the words, sounds, sentiments and subjects that the writer utilizes in the poem. A poem essay ought to incorporate an investigation of the theme, message, cadence and word decision. These essays should have both an introduction and a conclusion.

Any scholarly essay should have a postulation articulation and a poem essay is no special case. The primary reason for a poem exposition isn’t to sum up the poem, yet to foster a top to bottom thought that makes a contention dependent on an investigation of the poem. The theory proclamation ought to contain the essay’s primary contention about the poem.

You can read more  Essay Writing  about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

How to Write a Poetry Essay?

Present your poem with an early-on section. Compose the title of the poem and its creator. Give a concise rundown of the poem’s substance. A short rundown on Edgar Allen Poe’s “The Raven,” for instance, would express that the speaker of the poem is aching for his lost love and gets overwhelmed by a raven that expresses just a single word, “nevermore.”

Expound on the lovely language and symbolism. Does the writer utilize exact and striking jargon to make definite pictures? What artistic gadgets are utilized to upgrade implications? Answer these inquiries by clarifying and examining explicit models from the poem. Tell how the artist makes those pictures. A genuine illustration of this would be the poem exposition found at Bookstove.com. The poem exposition examines Poe’s utilization of comparison and analogy in “The Raven.”

Expound on solid and sense. Does the artist utilize mood and meter to make significant sounds in the poem? Which word sounds does the writer use to take pictures? Does the artist utilize jargon that requests the five detects? Answer these inquiries by clarifying in your poem essay how the writer’s selection of words makes a signature sound. For instance, a poem exposition on Poe’s “Raven” would show how the ABCBBB rhyme plot assists with making a more profound feeling of despair.

Expound on feeling and feeling. Is the writer making an inclination or mindset? Does the poem summon an enthusiastic reaction? Answer these inquiries in your poem essay by clarifying what sort of reaction the writer is attempting to summon in his crowd. A poem essay on “The Raven” would portray how the utilization of despairing word decisions and redundancy, combined with the dreadful raven and grieving for the lost Lenore, make a profound feeling of pity and misery for the peruser.

Compose an end to your poem essay. Clarify the creator’s plan with the poem and whether the person accomplished that objective. Backing your assessment with subtleties from the poem.

Poetry Essay Sample

“Karl Shapiro, the creator of the “Car Wreck” poem was brought into the world in Baltimore, Maryland. The reality the creator was Jewish and felt denied by the remainder of the understudies at the University of Virginian can be found in the lines of his poem. His desire to change the name to sound more Germanic made him disloyal according to Jewish society.

The poem depends on a genuine auto collision. Nobody knows whether Shapiro has seen the mishap or found out about it in the news. Concerning the actual appraisal of the poem, it has 259 words, 39 lines, and poems 3 6.

The poem starts with a depiction of a rescue vehicle hustling along to the spot of an awful auto accident to forestall the presence of casualties. It picks the enduring individuals to change them into the clinic. The significant topic of the poem is passing on the grounds that the vast majority of the fender bender members used to pass on because of that occasion. The creator notices the outlandish idea of mortality by contrasting the mishap and different kinds of death lie war or sickness. The state of mind of the poem is desolate and intelligent. It is a poem sort of poem – it gives a peruser the point-by-point depiction of the circumstance without recounting a particular story.

I chose this poem because it resembles the reality of life. They permitted me to feel the agony from the misfortune. I accept the creator talks about a dreary issue, yet the subject is applicable to each person on the grounds that every one of us will kick the bucket one day and no one knows when it will occur. The most great line to me is, “Unified with a pail douches lakes of blood.” It implies that a police officer washes away the overstated lakes of blood left after the fender bender. Another comparative poem I can review is “Demise Be Not Proud” by John Donne. These two creators talk about the subject of mortality. In contrast to Shapiro, who looks confused by the subject, Donne dismisses the force of death and ridicules it.”

FAQ’s on Poetry Essays Examples

Question 1. What is a poetry essay?

Answer: A poem essay fosters an understanding of a specific poem. This translation contains a contention about what you think the writer is saying or doing in the poem and what impact the poem’s different components, similar to expression or rhyme, have on the poem overall. This contention will thus shape the premise of your essay’s proposal articulation.

Question 2. How to start a poetry essay?

Answer: A poem essay ought to incorporate an investigation of the subject, message, musicality and word decision. The introduction and conclusion are the two major parts of it. Present your poem with a starting section. Compose the title of the poem and its creator.

Question 3. How to structure a poem in an essay?

Answer: Utilize the prologue to clarify which poems you are expounding on. Attempt to adjust the detail you incorporate for every poem. Analyze the poems all through the essay. Remark on content, subjects, thoughts and perspectives just as structure, construction and language.

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Poetry Essay Examples: A+ Level Writing

Poetry is expressive writing that uses rhythm and sound to convey particular ideas, narratives, or messages. Usually, poets convey their emotions by writing poems using symbolic words. Poetry writing is common in the United States of America and the entire world. Thus, many colleges assign literature students essays on poetry.

The main purpose behind such essays is to let learners understand the culture of emotional expression. Poetry essays help in developmental learning and improving analytical skills. So, when you are tasked with analyzing a complex poem, you can search for a relevant poetry essay example and draw essential pointers to incorporate into your essay.     

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Not all students know how to structure an essay properly. Thus, we offer written samples with the right format to help learners make the most out of their essay writing process. We ensure each essay follows the right structuring pattern from thesis formulation to argumentation. You will know how to connect the poem’s narrative and the literary devices used by the poet.

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Writing About Poetry

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Writing about poetry can be one of the most demanding tasks that many students face in a literature class. Poetry, by its very nature, makes demands on a writer who attempts to analyze it that other forms of literature do not. So how can you write a clear, confident, well-supported essay about poetry? This handout offers answers to some common questions about writing about poetry.

What's the Point?

In order to write effectively about poetry, one needs a clear idea of what the point of writing about poetry is. When you are assigned an analytical essay about a poem in an English class, the goal of the assignment is usually to argue a specific thesis about the poem, using your analysis of specific elements in the poem and how those elements relate to each other to support your thesis.

So why would your teacher give you such an assignment? What are the benefits of learning to write analytic essays about poetry? Several important reasons suggest themselves:

• To help you learn to make a text-based argument. That is, to help you to defend ideas based on a text that is available to you and other readers. This sharpens your reasoning skills by forcing you to formulate an interpretation of something someone else has written and to support that interpretation by providing logically valid reasons why someone else who has read the poem should agree with your argument. This isn't a skill that is just important in academics, by the way. Lawyers, politicians, and journalists often find that they need to make use of similar skills.
• To help you to understand what you are reading more fully. Nothing causes a person to make an extra effort to understand difficult material like the task of writing about it. Also, writing has a way of helping you to see things that you may have otherwise missed simply by causing you to think about how to frame your own analysis.
• To help you enjoy poetry more! This may sound unlikely, but one of the real pleasures of poetry is the opportunity to wrestle with the text and co-create meaning with the author. When you put together a well-constructed analysis of the poem, you are not only showing that you understand what is there, you are also contributing to an ongoing conversation about the poem. If your reading is convincing enough, everyone who has read your essay will get a little more out of the poem because of your analysis.

What Should I Know about Writing about Poetry?

Most importantly, you should realize that a paper that you write about a poem or poems is an argument. Make sure that you have something specific that you want to say about the poem that you are discussing. This specific argument that you want to make about the poem will be your thesis. You will support this thesis by drawing examples and evidence from the poem itself. In order to make a credible argument about the poem, you will want to analyze how the poem works—what genre the poem fits into, what its themes are, and what poetic techniques and figures of speech are used.

What Can I Write About?

Theme: One place to start when writing about poetry is to look at any significant themes that emerge in the poetry. Does the poetry deal with themes related to love, death, war, or peace? What other themes show up in the poem? Are there particular historical events that are mentioned in the poem? What are the most important concepts that are addressed in the poem?

Genre: What kind of poem are you looking at? Is it an epic (a long poem on a heroic subject)? Is it a sonnet (a brief poem, usually consisting of fourteen lines)? Is it an ode? A satire? An elegy? A lyric? Does it fit into a specific literary movement such as Modernism, Romanticism, Neoclassicism, or Renaissance poetry? This is another place where you may need to do some research in an introductory poetry text or encyclopedia to find out what distinguishes specific genres and movements.

Versification: Look closely at the poem's rhyme and meter. Is there an identifiable rhyme scheme? Is there a set number of syllables in each line? The most common meter for poetry in English is iambic pentameter, which has five feet of two syllables each (thus the name "pentameter") in each of which the strongly stressed syllable follows the unstressed syllable. You can learn more about rhyme and meter by consulting our handout on sound and meter in poetry or the introduction to a standard textbook for poetry such as the Norton Anthology of Poetry . Also relevant to this category of concerns are techniques such as caesura (a pause in the middle of a line) and enjambment (continuing a grammatical sentence or clause from one line to the next). Is there anything that you can tell about the poem from the choices that the author has made in this area? For more information about important literary terms, see our handout on the subject.

Figures of speech: Are there literary devices being used that affect how you read the poem? Here are some examples of commonly discussed figures of speech:

• metaphor: comparison between two unlike things
• simile: comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as"
• metonymy: one thing stands for something else that is closely related to it (For example, using the phrase "the crown" to refer to the king would be an example of metonymy.)
• synecdoche: a part stands in for a whole (For example, in the phrase "all hands on deck," "hands" stands in for the people in the ship's crew.)
• personification: a non-human thing is endowed with human characteristics
• litotes: a double negative is used for poetic effect (example: not unlike, not displeased)
• irony: a difference between the surface meaning of the words and the implications that may be drawn from them

Cultural Context: How does the poem you are looking at relate to the historical context in which it was written? For example, what's the cultural significance of Walt Whitman's famous elegy for Lincoln "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed" in light of post-Civil War cultural trends in the U.S.A? How does John Donne's devotional poetry relate to the contentious religious climate in seventeenth-century England? These questions may take you out of the literature section of your library altogether and involve finding out about philosophy, history, religion, economics, music, or the visual arts.

What Style Should I Use?

It is useful to follow some standard conventions when writing about poetry. First, when you analyze a poem, it is best to use present tense rather than past tense for your verbs. Second, you will want to make use of numerous quotations from the poem and explain their meaning and their significance to your argument. After all, if you do not quote the poem itself when you are making an argument about it, you damage your credibility. If your teacher asks for outside criticism of the poem as well, you should also cite points made by other critics that are relevant to your argument. A third point to remember is that there are various citation formats for citing both the material you get from the poems themselves and the information you get from other critical sources. The most common citation format for writing about poetry is the Modern Language Association (MLA) format .

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